Physiology of Insulin Resistance and Its Relationship with the Central Nervous System: An Advanced Review

Abstract

Autism Insulin resistance (IR) is a multifaceted metabolic condition characterized by diminished cellular sensitivity to insulin, resulting in compromised glucose absorption, increased insulin concentrations, and eventually leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular problems. The conventional perspective of insulin resistance as a peripheral disorder impacting muscle, liver, and adipose tissue has been supplanted by new discoveries indicating that the central nervous system (CNS), especially the hypothalamus, is crucial in starting and regulating systemic insulin sensitivity. Insulin serves as a metabolic hormone and a neuroregulatory signal that regulates hunger, energy expenditure, and peripheral glucose homeostasis via complex brain circuits.

This review delivers an advanced and comprehensive analysis of insulin resistance mechanisms with emphasis on CNS involvement. The review investigates how central insulin signaling pathways together with blood-brain barrier insulin transport and hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal insulin resistance create systemic metabolic problems. The article investigates how central insulin resistance affects both neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and mood disorders including depression. The article examines current therapeutic strategies which focus on the brain–insulin axis.