Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients

Abstract

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a long-lasting autoimmune disorder with an unclear cause that can impact almost every part of the body. In addition to heredity  environmental effect, an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in immune system dysfunction, initiates an inflammatory response, and leads to damage in tissues and organs. In SLE, inflammatory responses can be enhanced and/or sustained by the presence of cytokines that are produced in excess both systemically and in specific local tissues.

Methodology: Numerous significant chemical substances  have been regarded as a targets for diminishing acute or chronic infection in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). another research has shown that the abnormal synthesis of chemokines  , especially  the interleukin related to the family  Interlukin-1 and Interleukin-10, drives immune response and affects immunomodulation , which are crucial in the development of such auto immune diseases. Among the cytokines in the IL-1 family, IL-1, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 have been extensively studied in relation to SLE. Furthermore, the IL-10 family cytokines, including IL-10, IL-20, are found to be immune reaction in auto immune disorder. Results: Cytotoxic substances released by activating of CD8+ T cells which leads to tissue damage. By activation of CD8 cells which produce many chemokines that effect vital tissues Additionally, B cells play a role in the pathogenic severity in final step represented in autoimmune disorder.

Conclusions: Autoantibodies attach outside of cells, triggering the complement system to unleash their cell-killing effects and result in tissue harm. Conversely, autoantibodies targeting proteins inside cells serve as important biomarkers for autoimmune diseases.